Center Articles and Publications

Billions for Biodefense: Federal Agency Biodefense Funding,
FY2001–FY2005 

Ari Schuler

Biosecurity and Bioterrorism. 2004;2(2):86-96. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Abstract: Over the past several years, the United States government has spent substantial resources on preparing the nation against a bioterrorist attack. This article analyzes the civilian biodefense funding by the federal government from fiscal years 2001 through 2005, specifically analyzing the budgets and allocations for biodefense at the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Defense, the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of State. In total, approximately $14.5 billion has been funded for civilian biodefense through FY2004, with an additional $7.6 billion in the President’s budget request for FY2005.

Sections:
- Table 1. U.S. Government Civilian Biodefense Funding, FY2001–FY2005
- Methods and Sources
- Civilian Biodefense Spending by Federal Agency, FY2001–FY2005
        - Department of Health and Human Services
        - Department of Homeland Security
        - Department of Defense
        - Department of Agriculture
        - Environmental Protection Agency 
        - National Science Foundation
        - Department of State
        - Department of Energy National Labs
        - Department of Justice
- Conclusion
- References

The September 11 World Trade Center attacks and the subsequent anthrax mail attacks have made counterterorrism a central security issue in the United States, and the federal government has spent substantial resources over the past several years on preparing the nation against a bioterrorist attack in particular. The most conspicuous example of the federal government’s commitment to counterterrorism is the formation of the new Department of Homeland Security (DHS), whose budget has increased from $19.5 billion in FY2002¹ to a proposed $40.2 billion in FY2005.²

To date, however, there has not been a clear accounting for, and analysis of, how civilian biodefense funding has been allocated and spent. Only one agency, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), publishes a comprehensive “biodefense spending” section in their annual budget. Other departments, such as DHS, publish partial information, and still others, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), publish homeland security–themed spending reports. What is lacking is a centralized resource for tracking civilian biodefense budgets and spending.

This article identifies civilian biodefense budgeting and spending across the federal government and consolidates this information into one report. It provides budget information as presented by federal government agencies, either through published documents or via personal communications with their press and budget offices. We have not evaluated the value of programs or whether the goals of the programs have been met, and it should be cautioned that expenditures of money should not be used as indicators of success or failure. Rather, this article is a summary of government budget and funding information from FY2001 to FY2005.

All told, the government has spent approximately $14.5 billion on civilian biodefense from FY2001 to FY2004, with another $7.6 billion in the President’s budget request for FY2005 (Table 1; Figure 1, Figure 2). The two agencies primarily responsible for civilian biodefense are HHS and DHS, which together account for over 90% of budgeted civilian biodefense funds. Some agencies, such as the EPA, the Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Department of Defense (DoD), also have been given substantial funding for civilian biodefense programs, with others, such as the State Department and the National Science Foundation (NSF), receiving some lesser amounts of funding for civilian biodefense programs. Going into FY2005, civilian biodefense spending is budgeted to be more than 18 times that of FY2001 (Table 1).
                                

                         
Methods and Sources

Tracking expenditures in civilian biodefense poses a number of challenges, some of which are inherent to tracking government expenditures in general, while other issues are specific to civilian biodefense. The first of these challenges was determining what was actually spent as opposed to what was budgeted or appropriated. Typically, in a budget cycle, actual numbers are available for the prior year, with spending estimates available for the current year, and the President’s budget request available for the upcoming year. In this article, unless otherwise noted, FY2001–FY2003 amounts are based on actual numbers, FY2004 amounts are estimated, and FY2005 numbers represent the President’s budget request. It also should be noted that unless otherwise specified, FY2002 numbers include the FY2002 emergency supplemental appropriations bill.

Finding accurate and up-to-date sources of information is another challenge. Although each department publishes a “Budget in Brief” document, these reports often do not separate out civilian biodefense efforts, or they may include only partial information on them. Analysis of the entire agency budget is not always an effective method either, as civilian biodefense expenditures may be contained within broader line items. For this analysis, data was acquired by contacting the public affairs and budget offices of every agency listed in the report. This methodology was based on the principle that the numbers from the respective budget offices would be the most accurate and current, as these were the same numbers then assigned to the program offices responsible for executing programs within the agency.

It should be noted that budget line items are not necessarily indicative of size or location of programs. Many programs may be consolidated under one line item (such as DHS’s Science & Technology spending), or a program may have many components (such as BioShield, which receives inputs from DHS, HHS, and the White House). In other cases, work may be done by one department and reimbursed by another: For example, biodefense work done by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has been reimbursed by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and the Office of State and Local Preparedness Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Health Emergency Preparedness of HHS.

Another significant challenge was to distinguish, for the purposes of this article, which items should be considered civilian biodefense and which should not. Here, civilian biodefense spending includes programs, research, or administrative costs that prevent or mitigate bioterrorism’s effects on civilians. Federal budgets for programs intended for general WMD prevention and mitigation, such as “chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures” (e.g., some EPA detection items and BioShield), do not distinguish how much of the program is specifically targeted at civilian biodefense, so they were included in their entirety. Multiple application programs (e.g., HHS’s Medical Reserve Corps or DHS’s National Disaster Medical System) that provide a substantial benefit in responding to an incident of civilian bioterrorism also were included in their entirety. Physical security upgrades and other infrastructure protection also were included, but it should be noted that these upgrades cover both laboratory and general security (such as office buildings).

Programs that are not specifically directed at bioterror agents (e.g., the National Institutes of Health’s nuclear/radiological medical countermeasures or pandemic flu) were not included. Also not included were programs that have a small, undefined biological component (such as many of the DHS Preparedness Directorate’s “All Hazards” grants and training), as well as routine surveillance that does not focus specifically on civilian biodefense but may play a role in such detection (such as the Department of Agriculture’s food inspection service, which focuses on chemical contamination and natural microbial contamination).

Finally, DoD has a large base of research in chemical and biological countermeasures for warfighter protection. However, because of the focus on the warfighter and not the civilian, these numbers were excluded from this article. For example, certain military medical countermeasures, such as the AVA anthrax vaccine, are approved for use by military personnel but not civilians. Other products, such as protective gear and detectors, do not have civilian massmarket applications. Some DoD research has direct civilian benefit, but because the majority of these funds are primarily military in application, these lines were excluded from calculation of total DoD expenditures.

Figure 1. Cumulative Civilian Biodefense Spend by Agency, FY2001–FY2005

Figure 2. Civilian Biodefense Spending by Fiscal Year

                    
Civilian Biodefense Spending by Federal Agency

Department of Health and Human Services

The Department of Health and Human Services is the principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans.³ HHS’s bioterrorism defense efforts fall into three primary areas: support for local and state public health and hospitals, research into countermeasures, and surveillance against diseases. HHS’s surveillance efforts, which are intended to serve the dual purposes of surveying naturally occurring infectious diseases and keeping watch for a potential bioterror attack, began in the late 1990s after President Clinton issued Presidential Directive PDD/NSC39. One section of the directive reads: “The United States shall give the highest priority to developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) materials or weapons use by terrorists.”⁴ After 9/11 and the anthrax attacks, HHS received a steep increase in funding to address these areas.⁵ The majority of these funds have gone to the various subagencies of HHS, many of which have seen a dramatic increase in funding for civilian biodefense (Figs. 3, 4). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) received one of the largest increases, from $291 million in FY2002 to $1.5 billion in FY2003, followed by a similar allocation of about $1.6 billion for FY2004; it is budgeted for a comparable amount in FY2005 for biodefense countermeasure research. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also received substantial capacity upgrades, with overall CDC civilian biodefense funding increasing from $128 million in FY2001 to $1.1 billion in FY2002. CDC will continue to receive funding of more than $1 billion for the years FY2003–FY2005. It is important to note that a number of programs have moved between HHS and DHS. The Strategic National Stockpile, for example, was located within HHS from its creation in 1999,⁶ moved to DHS in FY2004, and is scheduled to move back to HHS in FY2005. Programs such as the National Disaster Medical Service and the Metropolitan Medical Response System were also in HHS prior to the creation of DHS in 2003. Based on the information available, by FY2005 HHS will have spent approximately $15 billion on civilian biodefense efforts since FY2001 (Table 2).    
                    

Figure 3. HHS Civilian Biodefense Spending, FY2001 (in $millions)

Figure 4. HHS Civilian Biodefense Spending, FY2005 (in $millions)

Department of Homeland Security

The Department of Homeland Security, formed from the Homeland Security Act of 2002, has the responsibility of leading the unified national effort to secure America.⁷ DHS has funded a number of civilian biodefense–related activities through its Emergency Preparedness, Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, and primarily for late-stage development of new homeland security technology, the National Disaster Medical Service, and the Metropolitan Medical Response System. Based on the information available, by FY2005 DHS will have spent approximately $5 billion on civilian biodefense efforts since its creation in FY2003 (Table 3).
              

Figure 5. DHS Civilian Biodefense Spending, FY2003 (in $millions)

Figure 6. DHS Civilian Biodefense Spending, FY2005 (in $millions)

Department of Defense

Although the Department of Defense focuses primarily on military threats and warfighter protection, there also are some programs that are intended to support civilian biodefense efforts. One such program is the Civil Support Teams, which are jointly funded by DoD and state national guard units. The Civil Support Teams provide detection capabilities for local authorities during WMD events.

Also of note is the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, which was designed to help the countries of the former Soviet Union destroy nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction and their associated infrastructure and to establish verifiable safeguards against the proliferation of those weapons.⁸ The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) was unable to provide budget numbers for this program, so it was not included here.

Finally, a line item for funding $400 million of civilian biological countermeasures was placed in the DoD budget prior to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in FY2002.⁹ It should be noted that although other civilian biodefense programs may have been funded by the DoD, these were the programs described by DoD during the research for this article. Based on the information available, by FY2005 DoD will have spent approximately $1.1 billion on civilian biodefense efforts since FY2001 (Table 4).
                         

                 
Department of Agriculture

The USDA is the lead agency responsible for ensuring food and agricultural safety from both natural and deliberate pathogens. USDA homeland security activities include border surveillance, faster response to animal and crop disease incidents, protecting the food supply, and enhancing laboratory security.¹⁰ The largest increase in USDA funding has gone toward accelerating the completion of a new BioSafety Level 3 (BSL) laboratory in Ames, Iowa, for diagnosing animal disease.

The USDA began its civilian biodefense efforts with $61 million in operational activities and $143 million in construction activities in FY2003.¹¹ Under the President’s FY2005 budget, the USDA would embark on a new “Food and Agriculture Defense Initiative.” Under this new initiative, USDA’s FY2005 funding for civilian biodefense is slated to increase substantially from that of FY2004, from $78 million to $381 million. Of these funds, $131 million are for the Ames, Iowa, BSL-3 facility, and the remainder will go toward enhancing civilian biodefense activities and operations, including enhanced surveillance programs, enhancing and creating additional laboratory capacity for agricultural and food testing, and additional research efforts intended to better protect U.S. food and agriculture.
The absence of numbers prior to FY2003 is a result of the way that the USDA presents its budgets. Prior to the Food Defense Initiative, activities were focused on the “routine surveillance” mission of the USDA, which did include civilian biodefense components; however, it is not possible for the budget office to provide specific numbers for civilian biodefense efforts for those fiscal years.¹² Additional civilian biodefense funding was calculated by the agency in their FY2005 Food and Agricultural Defense Initiative. Based on the information available, by FY2005 the USDA will have spent approximately $663 million on civilian biodefense efforts since FY2001 (Table 5).
                               

                                     
Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency’s mission is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment—air, water, and land—on which life depends.¹³ Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7,¹⁴ the EPA has been designated the lead agency for water safety and protection. To meet this task, the EPA has been engaged in a variety of activities, the most important being critical infrastructure protection. The EPA has spent about $45 million on water safety critical infrastructure protection from 2001 to 2004, but it is only scheduled to spend $6 million on these inspections in FY2005. From FY2002–FY2004, these funds were used to inspect water treatment facilities to evaluate their vulnerabilities. In FY2005, the EPA intends to use these funds to identify chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants that could be used against water and to review the means by which terrorists could disrupt the drinking water supply. The EPA has additionally disbursed about $5 million annually since FY2003 in grants to states for water safety critical infrastructure protection. The EPA also has budgeted $80 million from FY2002 to FY2005 for decontamination technology research as part of their homeland security efforts. Other activities include the creation of a second environmental response team based on the West Coast, a counterterrorism evidence response team, and upgrades to physical security at EPA resources. Based on the information available, by FY2005 EPA will have spent approximately $550 million on civilian biodefense efforts since FY2001 (Table 6).
                   

                       
National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation’s mission is to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense.¹⁵ Although many of NSF’s research efforts have not historically involved civilian biodefense, NSF has added three civilian biodefense–related projects to its portfolio post-9/11. The first is the Ecology of Infectious Diseases program, the purpose of which is to develop predictive models and discover principles for relationships between anthropogenic environmental change and transmission of infectious agents.¹⁶ The second program is Microbial Genome Sequencing, the goal of which is to support high-throughput sequencing of the genomes of microorganisms (including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, oomycetes, protists, and agriculturally important nematodes).¹⁷ The third effort is the biological component of the sensors and sensor networks program.¹⁸ Based on the information available, by FY2005 NSF will have spent approximately $104.2 million on civilian biodefense efforts since FY2001 (Table 7).
                        

                       
Department of State

The State Department is responsible for creating a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community. The State Department has had little funding for civilian biodefense; however, $1.2 million was allocated in FY2004 for training and enhancing biosecurity legislation in the nations of Georgia, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. This money was allocated out of funds for nonproliferation defense and was appropriated after these three nations approached the U.S. State Department at the 2003 meeting of the Biological Weapons Convention and requested assistance in curbing biological weapons proliferation.¹⁹ Based on the information available, by FY2005 the State Department will have spent approximately $1.2 million on civilian biodefense efforts since FY2001 (Table 8).   
            

                    
Department of Energy National Labs

The Department of Energy is not included in this article due to lack of response from the National Laboratories and difficulties in accounting for research funds. Many of the programs run from DoE national labs are funded by other agencies (e.g., DoD, DHS), making accounting for the DoE contribution difficult and not possible without the participation of agency officials, which could not be obtained.

     
Department of Justice

The Department of Justice was unable to provide budget numbers on civilian biodefense spending by the time of publication.

        
Conclusion

From FY2001 to FY2004, the government will have allocated more than $14 billion on a variety of civilian biodefense programs and efforts ranging from research to surveillance to nonproliferation, with an additional $7.6 billion in the budget request for FY2005. Funding has grown across the board for most agencies since FY2001, but already some agencies are seeing their civilian biodefense funding begin to level off. For example, HHS has remained relatively constant at $4 billion from FY2003 to FY2005 (except when the Strategic National Stockpile was moved to DHS in FY2004, resulting in a drop of about $400 million). Some agencies, such as EPA, are seeing declines. Funding at other agencies is continuing to grow at rapid rates, such as the USDA, where funding could increase nearly fivefold from $78 million in FY2004 to $381 million FY2005, and DHS, which would nearly double from $1.6 billion in FY2004 to almost $3 billion in FY2005 under the President’s budget request. In light of the new Presidential Directive announced April 28, 2004, focused on “Biodefense for the 21^st Century,” it would greatly benefit the government if definitions for civilian biodefense budgeting and spending terms were established and harmonized across the federal government. Under these harmonized rules, individual agencies could then publish their own civilian biodefense efforts as part of their budget reports. In a new field such as civilian biodefense, which has grown from $414 million in FY2001 to a projected $7.6 billion in FY2005, such a concise dissemination of information would greatly aid government agencies in their internal evaluations as well as external parties seeking to review and understand government efforts and expenditures.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Brad Smith, PhD; Thomas V. Inglesby, MD; Joe Fitzgerald, MPH; and Jaclyn Fox for their assistance in reviewing and preparing the article. Tracking civilian biodefense spending is a difficult and continually evolving process, and the author would like to encourage readers to submit any updates or additional information that they might have for future updates to this report.

References

1. http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?theme512&content5376, accessed 5/6/04.
2. http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/FY_2005_BIB_4.pdf, accessed 5/6/04.
3. http://www.hhs.gov/about/whatwedo.html, accessed 4/21/04.
4. Presidential Directive PDD/NSC 39, 6/21/95.
5. Personal communication with HHS Spokesman Campbell Gardett, 4/2/04.
6. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/stockpile, accessed 4/30/03.
7. http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/theme_home1.jsp, accessed 6/2/04.
8. http://www.dtra.mil/ctr/ctr_index.html, accessed 4/19/04.
9. Personal communication with the Office of Plans and Systems, Office of the Secretary, Department of Defense 4/21/04.
10. http://www.usda.gov/homelandsecurity/factsheet0603.pdf, accessed 4/13/04.
11. http://www.usda.gov/agency/obpa/Budget-Summary2005/05.FoodandAgDefense.htm, accessed 5/7/04.
12. Personal communication with the United States Department of Agriculture Budget Office, via the Public Affairs Office, 4/26/04.
13. http://www.epa.gov/epahome/aboutepa.htm#mission, accessed 4/19/04.
14. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031217–5.html, accessed 4/20/04.
15. http://www.nsf.gov/home/about/creation.htm, 4/8/04. 16. Ecology of Infectious Disease Program Solicitation, http:// www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03507/nsf03507.html, accessed 4/8/04.
16. Microbial Genome Sequencing Program Solicitation, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03603/nsf03603.htm, accessed 4/8/04.
17. Sensors and Sensor Networks Program Solicitation, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04522/nsf04522.htm, accessed 4/8/04.
18. Personal communication with Gregory Stuart, Office of Biological and Chemical Conventions, Bureau of Arms Control, State Department, 4/24/04.

Subscribe to Biosecurity and Bioterrorism at www.liebertpub.com.