Exercise developed and produced by:

Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies

National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism

Office of Justice Programs, National Institutes of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

Additional Reading

1. Barbera J, Macintyre A, Gostin L, et al. Large-scale quarantine following biological terrorism in the United States: scientific examination, logistic and legal limits, and possible consequences JAMA. Dec 5, 2001; 286(21): Critically examines the feasibility, efficacy and social acceptability of large-scale quarantine as a measure to control the spread of contagious disease.
    
2. Covello VT, Peters RG, Wojtecki JG et al. Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic and bioterrorism Journal of Urban Health. June, 2001; 78(2). Reviews risk communication perspectives and models in light of the case of the New York City outbreak of West Nile virus and an hypothesized biological attack.
    
3. Glass T & Schoch-Spana M. Bioterrorism and the people: how to vaccinate a city against panic Clinical Infectious Diseases. Jan 15, 2002; 34(2): Outlines guidelines for integrating the public into bioterrorism response planning.
    
4. Hall MJ, Norwood AE, Ursano RJ et al. Psychological and behavioral impacts of bioterrorism PTSD Research Quarterly. Fall, 2002;13(4): Review article on psychological consequences of bioterrorism that provides selected abstracts from relevant literature.
    
5. Inglesby TV, Grossman R & O'Toole T. A plague on your city: observations from TOPOFF Clinical Infectious Diseases. Feb 1, 2001; (32): Conveys lessons learned from exercise with top government officials to test nation's ability to react to multiple terrorist attacks. Problems related to bioterrorism response included distribution of scare resources, contagious disease within health care facilities, and need for sound disease containment principles.
    
6. O'Toole T, Mair M, & Inglesby TV. Shining light on Dark Winter Clinical Infectious Diseases. Apr 1, 2002; 34(7): Offers lessons learned from Dark Winter, a tabletop exercise in which former senior-level government officials simulated National Security Council meetings in reaction to a mock smallpox attack.
    
7. Schoch-Spana M. Implications of pandemic influenza for bioterrorism response Clinical Infectious Diseases. Dec 2000; 31(6). Draws upon the 1918 influenza pandemic case to inform public health planning for bioterrorism response; discusses issues of public confidence in epidemic containment measures, fair allocation of resources, and protection against discrimination.